Table 3 NASA-TLX cognitive workload scores between training modalities

Mental demand

10.13 (4.61)

11.97 (4.12)

 − 2.147

0.032

 − 0.36

Physical demand

6.18 (4.62)

7.72 (4.43)

 − 1.263

0.207

 − 0.21

Temporal demand

9.82 (4.09)

10.03 (4.36)

 − 0.476

0.634

 − 0.08

Performance

7.50 (4.22)

8.67 (4.41)

 − 1.057

0.290

 − 0.17

Effort

9.63 (4.55)

11.31 (3.77)

 − 2.356

0.018

 − 0.39

Frustration

6.75 (4.64)

7.89 (4.96)

 − 0.834

0.404

 − 0.14