Table 2 Summary of graphs, objectives, and usage suggestions of our algorithm toolkit output shown in Fig. 2

Conversation flow bar chart

Shows who speaks when and for how long

To visualize the speaking times and participation of each participant during the session

Use this graph to overview the debriefing structure and each person’s engagement

Speaking distribution pie chart

Displays the distribution of speaking time among all instructors and students

To illustrate the overall distribution of speaking time between instructors and students, providing a clear picture of group dynamics

Employ this chart to quickly compare speaking time between different groups, ensuring balanced participation

Sociogram network graphs

Shows the relationships between participants, indicating direction, sequence, and frequency of interactions

To map out the communication patterns within the group, identifying who talks to whom, in what sequence, and how frequently

Utilize this graph to understand communication flow, detect key influencers or isolated members