Table 5 Instructional design aspects/educational theories that were used in the different studies, plotted against Morrison et al [55]

ID aspects/educational theories

Competency-based/PBL

141

29,110

Collaborative Learning

113

evidence based learning

131

184,149

self-determination theory (SDT)

120

experiential learning

71,167

persistent active learning

95

skill acquisition theory Fitts and Posner

49

Mastery learning

Cognitive load (CL) theory

37

24,127,

cognitive theory of multimedia learning

173

24

autonomous learning

21

self-paced and self-directed learning

145

85,176,

Motivation & Self-regulated learning

70

6

Proficiency-based training

2

Serious game (learner-center teaching approach)

5

Content sequencing

Instructional strategies

Designing the message

Instructional delivery

Design

Delivery