The red hat — designating leadership using visual and verbal cues: a mixed-methods study

Advances in Simulation

Table 2 Group comparisons

First case in comparison	Second case in comparison	p-value
Case 1: Leader declared “I will lead”	Case 1: Leader donned red hat	< .001*
Case 1: Leader declared “I will lead”	Case 1: Leader received assistance donning hat	.065
Case 1: Leader donned red	Case 1: Leader received assistance donning hat	< .001*
Case 2: Leader declared “I will lead”	Case 2: Leader donned red hat	< .001*
Case 2: Leader declared “I will lead”	Case 2: Leader received assistance donning red hat	0.774
Case 2: Leader donned red hat	Case 2: Leader received assistance donning red hat	< .001*
Case 1: Leader declared “I will lead”	Case 2: Leader declared “I will lead”	0.603
Case 1: Leader donned red hat	Case 2: Leader donned red hat	1.00
Case 1: Leader received assistance donning red hat	Case 2: Leader received assistance donning red hat	0.628

Two-tailed Z-tests using the exact binomial method were used to compare proportions within cases. Two-tailed Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare proportions between case 1 and case 2. *Significant at .05 threshold

ISSN: 2059-0628